There are several different types of glaciers in the world, which form from varying processes, dependent upon the geography and local conditions of climate and landscape. These can range from enormous ice sheets of Antarctica that are kilometres deep, to small mountain glacierets of the Pyrenees which can be mistaken for patches of snow. A general classification of \u2018bare-ice\u2019 glacier types can include valley glaciers, tidewater glaciers, piedmont glaciers, ice caps, ice fields and ice sheets (a more complete classification can be found here<\/a> 1<\/sup>). With the exception of large ice sheets (found only in Antarctica and Greenland), Chile is home to an almost complete range of glacier types, one of which Santiguinos can see every (clear) day from the city… glaciers El Plomo<\/a> and La Paloma<\/a>!<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” column_structure=”1_4,3_4″][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” type=”1_4″][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” type=”3_4″][et_pb_accordion _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” border_radii=”on|30px|30px|30px|30px” closed_toggle_font=”Montserrat|600|||||||” toggle_font=”Montserrat|700|||||||” body_font=”Montserrat||||||||” body_font_size=”13px” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_accordion_item title=”Mountain\/Valley glaciers” _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” open=”on” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Typically originating from high mountain regions or icefields, these glaciers move down valleys, looking like tongues of ice. Glaciers such as El Plomo<\/a>, Bello<\/a>, Amarillo<\/a>, Juncal Sur and Universidad<\/a> are examples of this glacier type. Larger (and longer) valley glaciers typical of Alaska are not common in Chile.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=”Tidewater glaciers” _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” open=”off” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n These are glaciers that reach far enough from their mountain origins to reach water, typically at sea level in fjords (such as\u00a0Grey glacier<\/a> or O’Higgins glacier<\/a>). These glaciers normally \u2018calve\u2019 into the water, which means the breaking off of icebergs or larger segments of ice<\/a>.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=”Piedmont glaciers” _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″ open=”off”]<\/p>\n These are types of large land terminating glaciers that flow out of valleys and spread out in a fan shape as they become in contact with relatively flat and open terrain. An example of this type of glacier in Chile is San Rafael<\/a> glacier.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=”Ice fields” _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″ open=”off”]<\/p>\n This term is used to describe a smaller version of a ice sheet, that is still a large expanse of glacier ice governed by its underlying topography. The examples of this type are the North and South Patagonia ice fields, which are the largest single bodies of ice outside of the polar regions.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=”Ice aprons and volcanic ice caps” _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″ open=”off”]<\/p>\n This classification belongs to the high quantity of glaciers that exist in various part of Chile, whereby the relatively high elevation permits ice formation and survival on steep sides and\/or on the top of the volcanoes. Obvious examples of this are Calbuco<\/a>, Villarrica 2<\/sup> and San Jos\u00e9<\/a>.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=”Debris-covered glaciers” _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″ open=”off”]<\/p>\n Debris-covered glaciers are common in Chile. As the name suggests, they are covered with rocks, boulders and other material accumulated from valley sides, avalanches, rockfalls and the release of rocks held in the ice once it has melted (Figure 1). The rocks covering the glacier can act as a blanket and protect it from melting as rapidly as \u2018bare-ice\u2019 glaciers. The variations in the amount of rocks on the surface can produce interesting features such as ice cliffs. A well-studied example is Pir\u00e1mide glacier (Figure 3).<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=”Rock glaciers” _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″ open=”off”]<\/p>\n The classification of this type of glacier is difficult 4<\/sup> and can often be mistaken for debris-covered glaciers, or even just rocks! A rock glacier, unlike a debris-covered glacier, is a mix of ice and rock material throughout the entire body of the glacier (see Figure 1 for this distinction). These glaciers can be found all over Chile, though especially in the central and northern regions. For example, north of 32\u00b0S, more than half of the total glaciers that exist are debris-covered or rock glaciers (Figure 2)!<\/p>\n Technical reports even note that in the two most important basins in the central region, the Aconcagua and the Maipo basins, rock glaciers outnumbered clean-ice glaciers by a ratio of 2.3:1 5,6<\/sup>.\u00a0 As seen in Figure 3, various types of glaciers can often exist in the same geographical setting (the same basin), but be affected by unique localised processes.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][\/et_pb_accordion][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” type=”1_3″][et_pb_blurb title=”Figure 1″ image=”https:\/\/glaciareschilenoss3.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/27180054\/4.RockGlacierScheme_edit.png” _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” title_text=”4.RockGlacierScheme_edit” background_color=”#FFFFFF” header_font=”Montserrat||||||||” body_font=”Montserrat||||||||” body_font_size=”12px” custom_padding=”17px|17px|17px|17px|true|true” border_radii=”on|20px|20px|20px|20px” box_shadow_style=”preset1″ hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n A schematic for the surface and internal characteristics of \u2018bare-ice\u2019, debris-covered and rock glaciers. Source: adapted from Bosson et al. (2016) 3<\/sup><\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” type=”1_3″][et_pb_blurb title=”Figure 2″ image=”https:\/\/glaciareschilenoss3.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/27181258\/4.Glaciares_Loc2.png” _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” title_text=”4.Glaciares_Loc2″ background_color=”#FFFFFF” header_font=”Montserrat||||||||” body_font=”Montserrat||||||||” body_font_size=”12px” custom_padding=”17px|17px|17px|17px|true|true” border_radii=”on|20px|20px|20px|20px” box_shadow_style=”preset1″ hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n A map of Chile marked with the total estimated area of debris-covered and rock glaciers per sector and as a percentage of the total. Data source: Janke et al. (2015) 4. Figure source: Thomas Shaw<\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” type=”1_3″][et_pb_blurb title=”Figure 3″ image=”https:\/\/glaciareschilenoss3.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/27182435\/4.RioYesoMapSimple2-878×1024-1.jpg” _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” title_text=”4.RioYesoMapSimple2-878×1024″ background_color=”#FFFFFF” header_font=”Montserrat||||||||” body_font=”Montserrat||||||||” body_font_size=”12px” custom_padding=”17px|17px|17px|17px|true|true” border_radii=”on|20px|20px|20px|20px” box_shadow_style=”preset1″ hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n A map of the El Yeso river basin, Caj\u00f3n del Maipo, Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana, with the presence of three types of mountain glaciers. A \u2018bare-ice\u2019 glacier (Bello\/Yeso), a debris-covered glacier (Pir\u00e1mide) and an unnamed rock glacier. The inset photo for Pir\u00e1mide glacier shows an ice cliff under a debris-covered surface. Background image source: Digital Globe. Photos source: Thomas Shaw<\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.24.3″ hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” background_color=”#FFFFFF” custom_padding=”|35px||35px|false|true” border_radii=”on|20px|20px|20px|20px” sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″ text_font=”Montserrat||||||||” text_font_size=”12px” text_line_height=”1.6em”]<\/p>\n 1<\/sup> What types of glaciers are there? National Snow and Ice Data Center: https:\/\/nsidc.org\/cryosphere\/glaciers\/questions\/types.html<\/a> (Last access 14\/03\/2019) Written by Thomas Shaw.<\/em> [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/faq\/” button_text=”PREGUNTAS GLACIARES” button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”20px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_use_icon=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}” disabled_on=”off|on|on”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/faq\/” button_text=”PREGUNTAS GLACIARES” button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”20px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_use_icon=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.24.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n There are several different types of glaciers in the world, which form from varying processes, dependent upon the geography and local conditions of climate and landscape. These can range from enormous ice sheets of Antarctica that are kilometres deep, to small mountain glacierets of the Pyrenees which can be mistaken for patches of snow. A general classification of \u2018bare-ice\u2019 glacier types can include valley glaciers, tidewater glaciers, piedmont glaciers, ice caps, ice fields and ice sheets (a more complete classification can be found here<\/a> 1<\/sup>). With the exception of large ice sheets (found only in Antarctica and Greenland), Chile is home to an almost complete range of glacier types, one of which Santiguinos can see every (clear) day from the city… glaciers El Plomo<\/a> and La Paloma<\/a>!<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Typically originating from high mountain regions or icefields, these glaciers move down valleys, looking like tongues of ice. Glaciers such as El Plomo<\/a>, Bello<\/a>, Amarillo<\/a>, Juncal Sur and Universidad<\/a> are examples of this glacier type. Larger (and longer) valley glaciers typical of Alaska are not common in Chile.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n These are glaciers that reach far enough from their mountain origins to reach water, typically at sea level in fjords (such as\u00a0Grey glacier<\/a> or O’Higgins glacier<\/a>). These glaciers normally \u2018calve\u2019 into the water, which means the breaking off of icebergs or larger segments of ice<\/a>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n These are types of large land terminating glaciers that flow out of valleys and spread out in a fan shape as they become in contact with relatively flat and open terrain. An example of this type of glacier in Chile is San Rafael<\/a> glacier.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n This term is used to describe a smaller version of a ice sheet, that is still a large expanse of glacier ice governed by its underlying topography. The examples of this type are the North and South Patagonia ice fields, which are the largest single bodies of ice outside of the polar regions.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n This classification belongs to the high quantity of glaciers that exist in various part of Chile, whereby the relatively high elevation permits ice formation and survival on steep sides and\/or on the top of the volcanoes. Obvious examples of this are Calbuco<\/a>, Villarrica 2<\/sup> and San Jos\u00e9<\/a>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Debris-covered glaciers are common in Chile. As the name suggests, they are covered with rocks, boulders and other material accumulated from valley sides, avalanches, rockfalls and the release of rocks held in the ice once it has melted (Figure 1). The rocks covering the glacier can act as a blanket and protect it from melting as rapidly as \u2018bare-ice\u2019 glaciers. The variations in the amount of rocks on the surface can produce interesting features such as ice cliffs. A well-studied example is Pir\u00e1mide glacier (Figure 3).<\/p>\n Figure 1. A schematic for the surface and internal characteristics of \u2018bare-ice\u2019, debris-covered and rock glaciers. Source: adapted from Bosson et al. (2016) 3<\/sup>.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n The classification of this type of glacier is difficult 4<\/sup> and can often be mistaken for debris-covered glaciers, or even just rocks! A rock glacier, unlike a debris-covered glacier, is a mix of ice and rock material throughout the entire body of the glacier (see Figure 1 for this distinction). These glaciers can be found all over Chile, though especially in the central and northern regions. For example, north of 32\u00b0S, more than half of the total glaciers that exist are debris-covered or rock glaciers (Figure 2)!<\/p>\n Technical reports even note that in the two most important basins in the central region, the Aconcagua and the Maipo basins, rock glaciers outnumbered clean-ice glaciers by a ratio of 2.3:1 5,6<\/sup>.\u00a0 As seen in Figure 3, various types of glaciers can often exist in the same geographical setting (the same basin), but be affected by unique localised processes.<\/p>\n Figure 2.\u00a0 A map of Chile marked with the total estimated area of debris-covered and rock glaciers per sector and as a percentage of the total. Data source: Janke et al. (2015) 4. Figure source: Thomas Shaw<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n <\/p>\n 3. A map of the El Yeso river basin, Caj\u00f3n del Maipo, Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana, with the presence of three types of mountain glaciers. A \u2018bare-ice\u2019 glacier (Bello\/Yeso), a debris-covered glacier (Pir\u00e1mide) and an unnamed rock glacier. The inset photo for Pir\u00e1mide glacier shows an ice cliff under a debris-covered surface. Background image source: Digital Globe. Photos source: Thomas Shaw<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n <\/p>\n Cited information:<\/p>\n 1<\/sup> What types of glaciers are there? National Snow and Ice Data Center: https:\/\/nsidc.org\/cryosphere\/glaciers\/questions\/types.html<\/a> (Last access 14\/03\/2019) \n Written by Thomas Shaw.<\/em> [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/faq\/” button_text=”PREGUNTAS GLACIARES” button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”20px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_use_icon=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Hay varios tipos diferentes de glaciares en el mundo, que se forman a partir de diferentes procesos, dependiendo de la geograf\u00eda y las condiciones locales del clima y el paisaje.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAow57LVCw:productID":"","_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":" [et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.26.3\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_3,1_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.4.2\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.4.2\"][et_pb_button button_url=\"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/donde-podemos-encontrar-glaciares-en-chile\/\" button_text=\"Anterior\" button_alignment=\"left\" _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" custom_button=\"on\" button_text_size=\"12px\" button_border_width=\"2px\" button_icon=\"%%23%%\" button_icon_color=\"#ffffff\" button_icon_placement=\"left\" button_on_hover=\"off\"][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.4.2\"][et_pb_button button_url=\"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/faq\/\" button_text=\"PREGUNTAS GLACIARES\" button_alignment=\"center\" _builder_version=\"4.7.0\" custom_button=\"on\" button_text_size=\"20px\" button_font=\"|700|||||||\" button_use_icon=\"off\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.4.2\"][et_pb_button button_url=\"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/por-que-el-hielo-glaciar-es-azul\/\" button_text=\"Siguiente\" button_alignment=\"right\" _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" custom_button=\"on\" button_text_size=\"12px\" button_border_width=\"2px\" button_icon=\"%%24%%\" button_icon_color=\"#ffffff\" button_icon_placement=\"left\" button_on_hover=\"off\"][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"3.26.3\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"3.26.3\"][et_pb_tabs _builder_version=\"4.4.2\"][et_pb_tab title=\"Espa\u00f1ol\" _builder_version=\"4.4.2\"]<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> Hay varios tipos diferentes de glaciares en el mundo, que se forman a partir de diferentes procesos dependiendo de la geograf\u00eda y las condiciones locales del clima y el paisaje. Estos pueden ir desde las enormes capas de hielo en la Ant\u00e1rtida que tienen kil\u00f3metros de profundidad, a los peque\u00f1os glaciaretes de monta\u00f1a en los Pirineos que pueden confundirse con parches de nieve. Una clasificaci\u00f3n general de tipos para los \"glaciares blancos\" puede incluir glaciares de valle, glaciares de marea, glaciares de piedemonte, casquetes de hielo, campos de hielo y capas de hielo (aqu\u00ed<\/a> 1<\/sup> se puede encontrar una clasificaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s completa). Con la excepci\u00f3n de las grandes capas de hielo (que se encuentran solo en la Ant\u00e1rtida y Groenlandia), Chile es el hogar de una variedad casi completa de tipos de glaciares, uno de los cuales los santiaguinos pueden ver cada d\u00eda (despejado) desde la ciudad... los glaciares El Plomo<\/a> y La Paloma<\/a>!<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> T\u00edpicamente originados en regiones de alta monta\u00f1a o campos de hielo, estos glaciares se mueven por valles, pareci\u00e9ndose a lenguas de hielo. Glaciares como El Plomo<\/a>, Bello<\/a>, Amarillo<\/a>, Juncal Sur y Universidad<\/a> son ejemplos de este tipo de glaciar. Los glaciares m\u00e1s grandes (y m\u00e1s largos) t\u00edpicos de Alaska no son comunes en Chile.<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> Estos son glaciares que se extienden lo suficiente desde sus or\u00edgenes monta\u00f1osos para alcanzar el agua, generalmente a nivel del mar en los fiordos (como el glaciar Grey<\/a> o el glaciar O'Higgins<\/a>). Estos glaciares normalmente se van desprendiendo en el agua, lo que significa la ruptura en t\u00e9mpanos o segmentos m\u00e1s grandes de hielo<\/a>.<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> Estos son tipos de glaciares grandes que terminan en la tierra y fluyen fuera de los valles, extendi\u00e9ndose en forma de abanico a medida que entran en contacto con terrenos relativamente planos y abiertos. Un ejemplo en Chile de este tipo es el glaciar San Rafael<\/a>.<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> Este t\u00e9rmino se usa para describir una versi\u00f3n m\u00e1s peque\u00f1a de una capa de hielo, siendo a\u00fan una gran extensi\u00f3n de hielo glaciar gobernada por su topograf\u00eda subyacente. Los ejemplos de este tipo son los campos de hielo de Patagonia Norte y Sur, que son los cuerpos de hielo m\u00e1s grandes del mundo fuera de las regiones polares.<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> Esta clasificaci\u00f3n pertenece a una gran cantidad de glaciares que existen en varias partes de Chile, ya que la elevaci\u00f3n relativamente alta permite la formaci\u00f3n de hielo y la supervivencia en los lados escarpados y\/o en la parte superior de los volcanes. Ejemplos obvios de esto son Calbuco<\/a>, Villarrica 2<\/sup> y San Jos\u00e9<\/a>.<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> Los glaciares cubiertos son comunes en Chile. Como su nombre lo indica est\u00e1n cubiertos de rocas, cantos rodados y otros materiales acumulados desde las laderas de los valles, avalanchas, desprendimientos de rocas y la liberaci\u00f3n de rocas retenidas en el hielo una vez que se ha derretido (Figura 1). Las rocas que cubren el glaciar pueden actuar como una manta y evitar que se derritan tan r\u00e1pidamente como los glaciares de \"hielo desnudo\". Las variaciones en la cantidad de rocas en la superficie pueden producir caracter\u00edsticas interesantes, como los acantilados de hielo. Un ejemplo bien estudiado es el glaciar Pir\u00e1mide (Figura 3).<\/p>[caption id=\"attachment_3205\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"] La clasificaci\u00f3n de este tipo de glaciar es dif\u00edcil 4<\/sup> y, a menudo, puede confundirse con glaciares cubiertos, \u00a1o incluso con rocas! Un glaciar rocoso, a diferencia de un glaciar cubierto, es una mezcla de hielo y material de roca en todo el cuerpo del glaciar (consulte la Figura 1 para esta distinci\u00f3n). Estos glaciares se pueden encontrar en todo Chile, aunque especialmente en las regiones central y norte. Por ejemplo, al norte de los 32\u00b0S, m\u00e1s de la mitad del total de glaciares que existen est\u00e1n cubiertos de escombros o son glaciares de roca (Figura 2).<\/p> Los informes t\u00e9cnicos incluso se\u00f1alan que en las dos cuencas m\u00e1s importantes de la regi\u00f3n central, la cuenca del Aconcagua y del Maipo, los glaciares de roca superaron en n\u00famero a los \u201cglaciares blancos\u201d en una proporci\u00f3n de 2,3:1 5,6<\/sup>. Como se ve en la Figura 3, varios tipos de glaciares a menudo pueden existir en el mismo entorno geogr\u00e1fico (la misma cuenca), pero pueden verse afectados por procesos localizados \u00fanicos.<\/p>[caption id=\"attachment_3204\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"284\"] \u00a0<\/p>[caption id=\"attachment_4105\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"686\"] \u00a0<\/p> Informaci\u00f3n citada:<\/p> 1<\/sup> What types of glaciers are there? National Snow and Ice Data Center: https:\/\/nsidc.org\/cryosphere\/glaciers\/questions\/types.html<\/a> (Last access 14\/03\/2019) \u00a0<\/p> Escrito por Thomas Shaw.<\/em> [\/et_pb_tab][et_pb_tab title=\"English\" _builder_version=\"4.4.2\"]<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> There are several different types of glaciers in the world, which form from varying processes, dependent upon the geography and local conditions of climate and landscape. These can range from enormous ice sheets of Antarctica that are kilometres deep, to small mountain glacierets of the Pyrenees which can be mistaken for patches of snow. A general classification of \u2018bare-ice\u2019 glacier types can include valley glaciers, tidewater glaciers, piedmont glaciers, ice caps, ice fields and ice sheets (a more complete classification can be found here<\/a> 1<\/sup>). With the exception of large ice sheets (found only in Antarctica and Greenland), Chile is home to an almost complete range of glacier types, one of which Santiguinos can see every (clear) day from the city... glaciers El Plomo<\/a> and La Paloma<\/a>!<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> Typically originating from high mountain regions or icefields, these glaciers move down valleys, looking like tongues of ice. Glaciers such as El Plomo<\/a>, Bello<\/a>, Amarillo<\/a>, Juncal Sur and Universidad<\/a> are examples of this glacier type. Larger (and longer) valley glaciers typical of Alaska are not common in Chile.<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> These are glaciers that reach far enough from their mountain origins to reach water, typically at sea level in fjords (such as\u00a0Grey glacier<\/a> or O'Higgins glacier<\/a>). These glaciers normally \u2018calve\u2019 into the water, which means the breaking off of icebergs or larger segments of ice<\/a>.<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> These are types of large land terminating glaciers that flow out of valleys and spread out in a fan shape as they become in contact with relatively flat and open terrain. An example of this type of glacier in Chile is San Rafael<\/a> glacier.<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> This term is used to describe a smaller version of a ice sheet, that is still a large expanse of glacier ice governed by its underlying topography. The examples of this type are the North and South Patagonia ice fields, which are the largest single bodies of ice outside of the polar regions.<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> This classification belongs to the high quantity of glaciers that exist in various part of Chile, whereby the relatively high elevation permits ice formation and survival on steep sides and\/or on the top of the volcanoes. Obvious examples of this are Calbuco<\/a>, Villarrica 2<\/sup> and San Jos\u00e9<\/a>.<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> Debris-covered glaciers are common in Chile. As the name suggests, they are covered with rocks, boulders and other material accumulated from valley sides, avalanches, rockfalls and the release of rocks held in the ice once it has melted (Figure 1). The rocks covering the glacier can act as a blanket and protect it from melting as rapidly as \u2018bare-ice\u2019 glaciers. The variations in the amount of rocks on the surface can produce interesting features such as ice cliffs. A well-studied example is Pir\u00e1mide glacier (Figure 3).<\/p>[caption id=\"attachment_3205\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"] The classification of this type of glacier is difficult 4<\/sup> and can often be mistaken for debris-covered glaciers, or even just rocks! A rock glacier, unlike a debris-covered glacier, is a mix of ice and rock material throughout the entire body of the glacier (see Figure 1 for this distinction). These glaciers can be found all over Chile, though especially in the central and northern regions. For example, north of 32\u00b0S, more than half of the total glaciers that exist are debris-covered or rock glaciers (Figure 2)!<\/p> Technical reports even note that in the two most important basins in the central region, the Aconcagua and the Maipo basins, rock glaciers outnumbered clean-ice glaciers by a ratio of 2.3:1 5,6<\/sup>.\u00a0 As seen in Figure 3, various types of glaciers can often exist in the same geographical setting (the same basin), but be affected by unique localised processes.<\/p>[caption id=\"attachment_3204\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"284\"] \u00a0<\/p>[caption id=\"attachment_4105\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"686\"] \u00a0<\/p> Cited information:<\/p> 1<\/sup> What types of glaciers are there? National Snow and Ice Data Center: https:\/\/nsidc.org\/cryosphere\/glaciers\/questions\/types.html<\/a> (Last access 14\/03\/2019) \u00a0<\/p> Written by Thomas Shaw.<\/em> [\/et_pb_tab][\/et_pb_tabs][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_3,1_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.4.2\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.4.2\"][et_pb_button button_url=\"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/donde-podemos-encontrar-glaciares-en-chile\/\" button_text=\"Anterior\" button_alignment=\"left\" _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" custom_button=\"on\" button_text_size=\"12px\" button_border_width=\"2px\" button_icon=\"%%23%%\" button_icon_color=\"#ffffff\" button_icon_placement=\"left\" button_on_hover=\"off\"][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.4.2\"][et_pb_button button_url=\"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/faq\/\" button_text=\"PREGUNTAS GLACIARES\" button_alignment=\"center\" _builder_version=\"4.7.0\" custom_button=\"on\" button_text_size=\"20px\" button_font=\"|700|||||||\" button_use_icon=\"off\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.4.2\"][et_pb_button button_url=\"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/por-que-el-hielo-glaciar-es-azul\/\" button_text=\"Siguiente\" button_alignment=\"right\" _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" custom_button=\"on\" button_text_size=\"12px\" button_border_width=\"2px\" button_icon=\"%%24%%\" button_icon_color=\"#ffffff\" button_icon_placement=\"left\" button_on_hover=\"off\"][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"coauthors":[3335],"class_list":["post-14408","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14408","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14408"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14408\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16550,"href":"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14408\/revisions\/16550"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14408"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=14408"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Cited information:<\/strong><\/h6>\n
\n
2<\/sup> Brock, B. W., Rivera, A., Casassa, G., Bown, F., & Acuna, C. (2007). The surface energy balance of an active ice-covered volcano : Villarrica Volcano , Southern Chile. Annals of Glaciology, 45, 104\u2013114.
3<\/sup> Bosson, J., & Lambiel, C. (2016). Internal Structure and Current Evolution of Very Small Debris-Covered Glacier Systems Located in Alpine Permafrost Environments, 4 (April). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feart.2016.00039<\/a>
4<\/sup> Janke, J. R., Bellisario, A. C., & Ferrando, F. A. (2015). Geomorphology Classi fi cation of debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers in the Andes of central Chile. Geomorphology, 241, 98\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.03.034<\/a>
5<\/sup> Centro de Estudios Cient\u00edficos (CECS), 2011. Variaciones Recientes de Glaciares en Chile, Seg\u00fan Principales Zonas Glaciol\u00f3gicas. Direcci\u00f3n General de Aguas (DGA), Santiago, Chile.
6<\/sup> Geoestudios, 2011. Catastro, Exploraci\u00f3n y Estudio de Glaciares en Chile Central. Direcci\u00f3n General de Aguas, Santiago, Chile.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
Edited by Equipo Glaciar.<\/em><\/p>\nWhat types of glaciers exist in Chile?<\/b><\/h2>\n
Mountain\/Valley glaciers<\/h4>\n
Tidewater glaciers<\/h4>\n
Piedmont glaciers<\/h4>\n
Ice fields<\/h4>\n
Ice aprons and volcanic ice caps<\/h4>\n
Debris-covered glaciers<\/h4>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/glaciareschilenoss3.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/27222224\/4.RockGlacierScheme_edit.png\")
\u00a0<\/h4>\n
Rock glaciers<\/h4>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/glaciareschilenoss3.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/27222202\/4.Glaciares_Loc2.png\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/glaciareschilenoss3.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/24191319\/4.RioYesoMapSimple2-878x1024.jpg\")
2<\/sup> Brock, B. W., Rivera, A., Casassa, G., Bown, F., & Acuna, C. (2007). The surface energy balance of an active ice-covered volcano : Villarrica Volcano , Southern Chile. Annals of Glaciology, 45, 104\u2013114.
3<\/sup> Bosson, J., & Lambiel, C. (2016). Internal Structure and Current Evolution of Very Small Debris-Covered Glacier Systems Located in Alpine Permafrost Environments, 4 (April). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feart.2016.00039<\/a>
4<\/sup> Janke, J. R., Bellisario, A. C., & Ferrando, F. A. (2015). Geomorphology Classi fi cation of debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers in the Andes of central Chile. Geomorphology, 241, 98\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.03.034<\/a>
5<\/sup> Centro de Estudios Cient\u00edficos (CECS), 2011. Variaciones Recientes de Glaciares en Chile, Seg\u00fan Principales Zonas Glaciol\u00f3gicas. Direcci\u00f3n General de Aguas (DGA), Santiago, Chile.
6<\/sup> Geoestudios, 2011. Catastro, Exploraci\u00f3n y Estudio de Glaciares en Chile Central. Direcci\u00f3n General de Aguas, Santiago, Chile.<\/p>\n
Edited by Equipo Glaciar.<\/em><\/p>\n\u00bfQu\u00e9 tipos de glaciares existen en Chile?<\/strong><\/h2>
Glaciares de monta\u00f1a\/valle<\/h4>
Glaciares de marea<\/h4>
Glaciares de piedemonte<\/h4>
Campos de hielo<\/h4>
Delantales de hielo y casquetes volc\u00e1nicos<\/h4>
Glaciares cubiertos<\/h4>
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/4.RockGlacierScheme_edit.png\")
Figura 1. Un esquema de las caracter\u00edsticas superficiales e internas de los glaciares blancos, glaciares cubiertos de escombros y glaciares rocosos. Fuente: adaptado de Bosson et al. (2016) 3<\/sup>.<\/em>[\/caption]\u00a0<\/h4>
Glaciares rocosos<\/h4>
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/4.Glaciares_Loc2-448x1024.png\")
Figure 2. Un mapa de Chile marcado con el \u00e1rea total estimada de glaciares rocosos y cubiertos, por sector y como porcentaje del total. Fuente de datos: Janke et al. (2015) 4<\/sup>. Fuente de la figura: Thomas Shaw.<\/em>[\/caption]![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.glaciareschilenos.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/4.RioYesoMapSimple2-878x1024.png\")
Figure 3. Un mapa de la cuenca del r\u00edo El Yeso, Caj\u00f3n del Maipo, Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana; con la presencia de tres tipos de glaciares de monta\u00f1a: un glaciar de \"hielo blanco\" (Bello\/Yeso), un glaciar cubierto (Pir\u00e1mide) y un glaciar rocoso (sin nombre). La foto del recuadro del glaciar Pir\u00e1mide muestra un acantilado de hielo debajo de una superficie cubierta de rocas. Fuente de la imagen de fondo: Globo digital. Fuente de las fotos: Thomas Shaw.<\/em>[\/caption]
2<\/sup> Brock, B. W., Rivera, A., Casassa, G., Bown, F., & Acuna, C. (2007). The surface energy balance of an active ice-covered volcano : Villarrica Volcano , Southern Chile. Annals of Glaciology, 45, 104\u2013114.
3<\/sup> Bosson, J., & Lambiel, C. (2016). Internal Structure and Current Evolution of Very Small Debris-Covered Glacier Systems Located in Alpine Permafrost Environments, 4 (April). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feart.2016.00039<\/a>
4<\/sup> Janke, J. R., Bellisario, A. C., & Ferrando, F. A. (2015). Geomorphology Classi fi cation of debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers in the Andes of central Chile. Geomorphology, 241, 98\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.03.034<\/a>
5<\/sup> Centro de Estudios Cient\u00edficos (CECS), 2011. Variaciones Recientes de Glaciares en Chile, Seg\u00fan Principales Zonas Glaciol\u00f3gicas. Direcci\u00f3n General de Aguas (DGA), Santiago, Chile.
6<\/sup> Geoestudios, 2011. Catastro, Exploraci\u00f3n y Estudio de Glaciares en Chile Central. Direcci\u00f3n General de Aguas, Santiago, Chile.<\/p>
Editado por Equipo Glaciar.<\/em><\/p>What types of glaciers exist in Chile?<\/b><\/h2>
Mountain\/Valley glaciers<\/h4>
Tidewater glaciers<\/h4>
Piedmont glaciers<\/h4>
Ice fields<\/h4>
Ice aprons and volcanic ice caps<\/h4>
Debris-covered glaciers<\/h4>
Figure 1. A schematic for the surface and internal characteristics of \u2018bare-ice\u2019, debris-covered and rock glaciers. Source: adapted from Bosson et al. (2016)<\/i>\u00a03<\/sup>.<\/em>[\/caption]\u00a0<\/h4>
Rock glaciers<\/h4>
Figure 2.\u00a0 A map of Chile marked with the total estimated area of debris-covered and rock glaciers per sector and as a percentage of the total. Data source: Janke et al. (2015) <\/i>4<\/sup>. Figure source: Thomas Shaw<\/i>.<\/em>[\/caption] Figure 3. A map of the El Yeso river basin, Caj\u00f3n del Maipo, Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana, with the presence of three types of mountain glaciers. A \u2018bare-ice\u2019 glacier (Bello\/Yeso), a debris-covered glacier (Pir\u00e1mide) and an unnamed rock glacier. The inset photo for Pir\u00e1mide glacier shows an ice cliff under a debris-covered surface. Background image source: Digital Globe. Photos source: Thomas Shaw.<\/i><\/em>[\/caption]
2<\/sup> Brock, B. W., Rivera, A., Casassa, G., Bown, F., & Acuna, C. (2007). The surface energy balance of an active ice-covered volcano : Villarrica Volcano , Southern Chile. Annals of Glaciology, 45, 104\u2013114.
3<\/sup> Bosson, J., & Lambiel, C. (2016). Internal Structure and Current Evolution of Very Small Debris-Covered Glacier Systems Located in Alpine Permafrost Environments, 4 (April). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feart.2016.00039<\/a>
4<\/sup> Janke, J. R., Bellisario, A. C., & Ferrando, F. A. (2015). Geomorphology Classi fi cation of debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers in the Andes of central Chile. Geomorphology, 241, 98\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.03.034<\/a>
5<\/sup> Centro de Estudios Cient\u00edficos (CECS), 2011. Variaciones Recientes de Glaciares en Chile, Seg\u00fan Principales Zonas Glaciol\u00f3gicas. Direcci\u00f3n General de Aguas (DGA), Santiago, Chile.
6<\/sup> Geoestudios, 2011. Catastro, Exploraci\u00f3n y Estudio de Glaciares en Chile Central. Direcci\u00f3n General de Aguas, Santiago, Chile.<\/p>
Edited by Equipo Glaciar.<\/em><\/p>